以下是「DSE 化學反應清單」，包含了DSE化學測驗中常見的酸鹼反應、金屬反應、氧化還原反應等化學方程式。
Metal Extraction 金屬提煉
Carbon Reduction
For Zn, Fe，Pb，Cu
Metal Ores + Carbon → Metal + Carbon Dioxide
Direct Heating
For Mg，Ag
Metal Ores → Metal + Oxygen
Reaction of Metals 金屬的反應
Reaction with Oxygen
For K to Cu ，Ag (very slow reaction)
Metals + Oxygen → Metal Oxide
Reaction with Cold Water
For K to Ca
Metals + Water → Metal Hydroxide + Hydrogen Gas
Reaction with Steam
For Zn to Fe
Metals + Steam → Metal Oxide + Hydrogen Gas
Reaction with dilute Acid
For K to Pb
Metals + Acid → Salt + Hydrogen Gas
Corrosion & Rusting 生銹
4Fe(s) + 3O₂(g) + 2nH₂O(l) → 2Fe₂O₃ . nH₂O(s)
Reactions with Acid 酸的反應
Acid + Metal
Dilute Acid + Metal → Salt + Hydrogen Gas
Reactions with Acid 酸的反應
Acid + Base (Neutralization)
Acid + Base → Salt + Water
Acid + Carbonate
Acid + Carbonate → Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide
Acid + Hydrogencarbonate
Acid + Hydrogencarbonate → Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide
Acid + Sulphite
Acid + Sulphite → Salt + Water + Sulphur Dioxide
Acid + Hydrogensulphite
Acid + Hydrogensulphite → Salt + Water + Sulphur Dioxide
Reactions with Alkalis 鹼的反應
Alkali + Ammonium Salt (under heat)
Alkali + Ammonium Salt → Salt + Water + Ammonia Gas
Alkali + Acid (Neutralization)
Alkali + Ammonium Salt → Salt + Water + Ammonia Gas
Alkali (NaOH / KOH) + Metal Cation
For Mg to Cu，
Alkali + Metal Cation → Metal Hydroxide or Metal Oxide
Al， Zn，Pb redissolve in excess Alkali (NaOH / KOH)
Alkal (NH4OH) + Metal Cation
For Mg to Cu，
Ammonium Hydroxide + Metal Cation → Metal Hydroxide or Metal Oxide
Zn，Cu redissolve in excess Alkali (NaOH / KOH)
Ammonium ion + Alkali
For Mg to Cu，
Ammonium ion + Alkali → Ammonia gas + salt + water
Reaction of Alkanes 烷烴的反應
Complete Combustion
Fuel + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water
Substitution with Halogens
- Condition: under UV light
- Alkane + Chlorine or Bromine → Haloalkane
Cracking
- Condition: in the absence of oxygen
- Large Alkane → Small Alkane + Small Alkene
Reaction of Alkenes 烯烴的反應
Addition Reaction - Reaction with Halogens
Alkene + Chlorine or Bromine → Haloalkane
**記住：不是Additional Reaction
Addition Reaction - Reaction with Cold Alkaline Dilute KMnO₄(aq)
Alkene → Alcohol (diol)
Addition Polymerization
n Alkene → Addition Polymer
Hydrogenation
- Reaction Condition: Pt or Ni or Pd with Heat
- Alkene + Hydrogen → Alkane
Addition with Halogen in Organic Solvent
Alkene + Chlorine or Bromine → Haloalkane
Addition with Hydrogen Halide, HX
Alkene + Hydrogen Halide → Haloalkane
Oxidation
- Reaction Condition: cold alkaline potassium permanganate
- Alkene → Alkanol (diol)
Reaction of Haloalkanes, R-X
Substitution
Haloalkane + OH–(aq) → Alcohol
Reaction of Alcohols, R-OH
Substitution with HX or PX₃
Alcohol + HX or PX₃ → Haloalkane
Dehydration
- Reaction Condition: concentrated H₂SO₄ or Al₂O₃, heat
- Alcohol → Alkene
Oxidation with Acidified K₂Cr₂O₇ (Distillation)
Primary Alcohol → Aldehyde
Oxidation with Acidified K₂Cr₂O₇ or KMnO₄ (Reflux)
- Primary Alcohol → Carboxylic Acid
- Secondary Alcohol → Ketone
Reaction of Ketones & Aldehydes
Oxidation of Aldehydes
- Reaction Condition: Acidified K₂Cr₂O₇ or KMnO₄, Heat under Reflux
- Aldehyde → Carboxylic Acid
Reduction of Aldehyde or Ketone
- Reaction Condition: 1) LiAlH₄ in dry ether 2) H⁺(aq) or NaBH₄(aq)
- Aldehyde or Ketone → Alcohol
Reduction
- Reaction Condition: 1) LiAlH₄ in dry ether 2) H⁺(aq)
- Carboxylic Acid → Primary Alcohol
Amide Formation
- Reaction Condition: Ammonia, Heat
- Carboxylic Acid + Ammonia → Amide
Reaction of Esters, R-COO-R'
Acid Hydrolysis
- Reaction Condition: H⁺(aq), Heat
- Ester ⇌ Carboxylic Acid + Alcohol
- R-COO-R’ ⇌ R-COOH + R’-OH
Alkaline Hydrolysis
- Reaction Condition: OH-
(aq), Heat - Ester → Carboxylate ion + Alcohol
- R-COO-R’ → R-COO– + R’-OH H
Reaction of Amides, R-CONH₂
Acid Hydrolysis
- Reaction Condition: H⁺(aq), Heat
- Amide → Carboxylic Acid + Ammonium Salt
- R-CONH₂ → R-COOH + NH₄⁺
Alkaline Hydrolysis
- Reaction Condition: OH– (aq), Heat
- Amide → Carboxylate Ion + Ammonia
- R-CONH₂ → R-COO– + NH₃
Redox Reactions 氧化還原
Dilute Nitric Acid with Metals
Dilute Nitric Acid + Metals → Metal Nitrate + Nitrogen Monoxide + Water
Concentrated Nitric Acid with Metals
Concentrated Nitric Acid + Metals → Metal Nitrate + Nitrogen Dioxide + Water
Concentrated Nitric Acid with Non-Metals
- Carbon + Concentrated Nitric Acid → Carbon Dioxide + Nitrogen Dioxide + Water
- Sulphur + Concentrated Nitric Acid → Sulphur Dioxide + Nitrogen Dioxide + Water
Concentrated Sulphuric Acid with Metals
Concentrated Sulphuric Acid + Metals → Metal Sulphate + Sulphur Dioxide + Water
Concentrated Sulphuric Acid with Non-Metals
Concentrated Sulphuric Acid + Carbon → Carbon Dioxide + Sulphur Dioxide + Water
Concentrated Sulphuric Acid + Sulphur → Sulphur Dioxide + Water