Reported Speech 定義
Reported Speech是一種語法結構，用於報告他人的言談內容而不直接引用。當我們使用Reported Speech時，我們將對方所說的話轉述成我們自己的話，以便傳達他們的意思或引述對話內容。這種轉述可以用於各種情境，例如報告對話、引述他人的意見、陳述他人的觀點等。
Direct Speech vs. Reported Speech
在語法中，Direct Speech和Reported Speech是兩種常見的結構，用於表達他人的言談。讓我們來比較一下這兩種結構的特點。
Direct Speech 特點
Direct Speech是指直接引用對方的話語，使用引號將其括起來。這種結構保留了原始話語的語氣、時態和人稱等特徵，以便準確地呈現對方所說的內容。
舉個例子：
原始對話：Jason said, “I am reading an interesting book.
Direct Speech ：Jason said, “I am reading an interesting book.
在這個例子中，我們使用引號將Jason 的話語直接引用出來，並保留了他所使用的語氣、時態和人稱，以保持話語的原汁原味。
Direct Speech的優點在於能夠直接呈現對方的原始話語，使讀者能夠感受到語氣和情感的真實性。然而，當我們想要報告他人的言談時，Reported Speech則更為適用。
Reported Speech 特點
Reported Speech是指報告他人的言談內容而不直接引用。在報告言談中，我們使用報告動詞（如說、問）來進行轉述，以表達對方所說的話語。同時，我們需要調整時態、人稱和代詞等要素，以使報告的內容與報告者的視角相符。
舉個例子：
原始對話：Jason said, “I am reading an interesting book.
Reported Speech：Jason said that he was reading an interesting book.
在這個例子中，我們使用報告動詞”said”進行轉述，同時將第一人稱代詞”I”變為第三人稱代詞”he”，並調整時態將現在進行式變為過去式，以符合報告者的視角。
Reported Speech的優點在於我們可以以自己的方式呈現他人的話語，同時加入報告者的解釋和觀點。這種間接的轉述方式使我們能夠更好地傳達對方的意思和觀點，同時保持報告者自身風格和表達能力。
Reported Speech 刻板印象
不少同學會覺得一定要有that才算是Reported Speech，因爲教科書就是這樣教我們的。
但其實爲了更口語化，that是可以省略的。
例句：
She said she was going to the market.
They told me they would finish the project by the next day.
雖然在接下來的教學中，小編會依然使用that，但大家請不要只認住that來判斷Reported Speech，而更重要是表達出來的内容意思。
Reported Speech 轉換 1：Pronoun
首先，讓我們談談代名詞的變化。根據轉換的原則，直接引述中的代名詞需要根據以下規則進行變化：
第一人稱代名詞與主詞相對應，第二人稱代名詞與賓語相對應，而第三人稱代名詞則不變。
第一人稱代名詞與主詞相對應
直接引述：”I enjoy playing the piano,” she said.
“I”是第一人稱，與主語相對應，所以是“She”
間接引語：She said she enjoyed playing the piano.
第二人稱代名詞與賓語相對應
直接引述：She told me, “I will meet you at the restaurant.”
“you”是第二人稱，與賓語相對應，所以是“me”
間接引語：She told me that she would meet me at the restaurant.
第三人稱代名詞則不變
直接引述：”I visited her home last summer,” he said.
“her”是第三人稱，不用變換，所以是“her”
間接引語：He said he had visited her home the previous summer.
Reported Speech 轉換 2：Tenses
我們需要注意時態的變化，以確保引述的內容在間接引語中能夠準確地表達出來。以下是一些常見時態的對應關係，包括一般現在時、現在進行時、一般過去時、過去進行時和現在完成時。
請根據以下轉換守則：
Directed Speech | Reported Speech |
Simple Present Tense | Simple Past Tense |
Present Continuous Tense | Past Continuous Tense |
Simple Past Tense | Past Perfect Tense |
Present Perfect Tense | Past Perfect Tense |
Past Perfect Tense | Past Perfect Tense (不變) |
Can | Could |
May | Might |
Must | Had to |
Shall/will | Should/would |
例如：Simple Present -> Simple Past
He said, ‘I like watching movies.’
He said he liked watching movies.
Reported Speech 轉換 3：指示代詞 Demonstrative Pronouns
在轉換直接引述 (Direct Speech) 為間接引述 (Reported Speech) 時，指示代詞 (Demonstrative Pronouns) 也會發生變化。以下是一些常見的指示代詞轉換規則：
| 直接引述 (Direct Speech) | 間接引述 (Reported Speech) |
| this | that |
| these | those |
| that | that |
| those | those |
例如：this -> that
直接引述: “I like this book.”
間接引述: She said that she liked that book.
Reported Speech 轉換 4：地點副詞 Adverb of Place
在轉換直接引述 (Direct Speech) 為間接引述 (Reported Speech) 時，地點副詞 (Adverbs of Place) 也會發生變化。以下是一些常見的地點副詞轉換規則：
| 直接引述 (Direct Speech) | 間接引述 (Reported Speech) |
| here | there |
| this place | that place |
| this room | that room |
| these | those |
| come | go |
例如：here -> there
直接引述: “I am staying here.”
間接引述: She said that she was staying there.
Reported Speech 轉換 5：時間副詞 Adverb of Time
在轉換直接引述 (Direct Speech) 為間接引述 (Reported Speech) 時，時間副詞 (Adverbs of Time) 通常會發生變化。
| 直接引述 (Direct Speech) | 間接引述 (Reported Speech) |
| now | then / at that time |
| today | that day |
| tonight | that night |
| tomorrow | the next day / the following day |
| yesterday | the day before / the previous day |
| last night | the night before / the previous night |
| this week | that week |
| last week | the week before / the previous week |
| next year | the following year |
| two minutes ago | two minutes before |
| in one hour | one hour later |
例如：Today -> that day
直接引述: “I am busy today.”
間接引述: She said that she was busy that day.
Reported Speech 轉換 6：句子類型 Types of Sentences
在轉換直接引述 (Direct Speech) 為間接引述 (Reported Speech) 時，整體句子類型都會有特定的轉換手法！
Declarative Sentence 陳述句轉換
對於陳述句轉換而言，只需要加上that就可以了。
例句：
Direct Speech: “I am going to the market,” she said.
Reported Speech: She said that she was going to the market.
Direct Speech: “We have finished our homework,” they said.
Reported Speech: They said that they had finished their homework.
Direct Speech: “He will call you tomorrow,” John said.
Reported Speech: John said that he would call you the next day.
Interrogative Sentence 疑問句轉換
對於疑問句而言，需要把轉換後的that變成 if/whether/WH word。
- Yes/No 問題：當直接引語是可以用 “yes” 或 “no” 回答的問題時，轉換成間接引語時使用 “if” 或 “whether”。
- Wh- 問題：當直接引語是以 wh- 詞（如 who, what, where, when, why, how）開頭的問題時，轉換成間接引語時保留這些 wh- 詞。
例句：
Direct Speech: “Where are you going?” she asked.
Reported Speech: She asked where I was going.
Direct Speech: “Have you finished your homework?” they asked.
Reported Speech: They asked if I had finished my homework.
Direct Speech: “Will you call me tomorrow?” John asked.
Reported Speech: John asked whether I would call him the next day.
Imperative Sentence 祈使句轉換
當將祈使句（Imperative Sentence）轉換成間接引語時，通常會使用動詞如 “tell,” “ask,” “order,” “advise” 等，並且將動詞改為不定式形式。以下是一些例子：
Direct Speech: “Close the door,” he said.
Reported Speech: He told me to close the door.
Direct Speech: “Please sit down,” she said.
Reported Speech: She asked me to sit down.
Direct Speech: “Don’t be late,” the teacher said.
Reported Speech: The teacher advised us not to be late.
Direct Speech: “Finish your homework,” my mother said.
Reported Speech: My mother told me to finish my homework.
Exclamatory Sentence 感嘆句轉換
當將感歎句（Exclamatory Sentence）轉換成間接引語時，我們可以當他們是陳述句轉換，但如果您真的很想表達感嘆的元素，我們通常會使用動詞如 “exclaim,” “remark,” 等，並且將感歎句改為陳述句形式。以下是一些例子：
Direct Speech: “What a beautiful day!” she said.
Reported Speech: She exclaimed that it was a beautiful day.
Direct Speech: “Wow, this is amazing!” they said.
Reported Speech: They remarked that it was amazing.
Direct Speech: “Oh no, I forgot my keys!” she said.
Reported Speech: She exclaimed that she had forgotten her keys.
Reported Speech 轉換 ７：Say vs Tell
其實這個轉換重點，嚴格來説不算一種轉換，而更多是一個要注意的常錯地方。
當我們使用 “say” 和 “tell” 時，這兩個詞並不是可以互換的。以下是它們的用法區別：
say：表示說某件事，不需要指明對象。
- She said (that) she would be late for the meeting.（她說她會遲到會議。）
- They said (that) it was a wonderful experience.（他們說這是一個美妙的經歷。）
tell：表示告訴某人某件事，需要指明對象。
- He told me (that) he would love to see it.（他告訴我他很想看這個。）
- She told me (that) she would be late for the meeting.（她告訴我她會遲到會議。）
Reported Speech 練習
問題一
Direct Speech: “I am going to the market,” she said.
Reported Speech: She said that she was going to the market.
問題二
Direct Speech: “Do you like coffee?” he asked.
Reported Speech: He asked if I liked coffee.
問題三
Direct Speech: “We will finish the project by tomorrow,” they promised.
Reported Speech: They promised that they would finish the project by the next day.